Video Transcript
What is a quantum computer? Does anybody in the chat even know what it is or how it works? Before I watched this, I'll be honest, I didn't really know what I mean, I don't know. I just know that it like somehow interacts with the zero point energy. Other than that, I didn't really know what a quantum computer was. We're about to find out right now. Why is the guy that just won a Nobel Prize for macroscopic quantum tunneling using a Joseph's injunction, why is he all in on quantum computers and and what does it actually but what what like literally if I were to say how do you build a quantum computer? Where do you start? You know, because people say, "Oh, well, it uses entangled states to solve a problem." But what is it? How do you Okay, how do you build something that measures quantum states? What is a cubit? What is a cubit? What is what are these things? Well, here we go. We're about to learn. And we made them really good and you know fast and whatever so that we could run some algorithm a mathematical algorithm that um we produced some output that was took you know much much longer on a classical computer to to emulate than do that. It was not practical but it was a demonstration of the power of a quantum computer >> that it proved that the quantum computers could work. Now, it didn't solve something that couldn't be solved on a normal computer because again, a lot of this stuff, a lot of the physics is just proving the concept. Once you've proven the concept, you can scale it up. Once you've proven macroscopic quantum tunneling works, now the question is, how do we scale that up so that we can make a jumbo jet disappear? Right? So, they've proven that we can do quantum computers. They just used a few cubits and they did the quantum computer math. But how does it actually function? How does it how do they build one? He explains what it is. Here we go. >> Well, just maybe give your description of a cubit and maybe we can relate, you know, how do we build these quantum computers from cubits to the Josephson junction and some of the early work you had done that you ended up winning the prize for. >> So very simply, we have a metal wire and a metal wire that gets put together on this Joseen junction which represents a an inductor flowing through here. And then from this wire to this wire, we have a capacitor. And then we set that up to oscillate at about 5 GHz cell phone frequencies uh uh you know to to form the cubit. Okay, this oscillating thing and then there's at low temperature superconductors you know all this magic we can we can get quantum mechanical behavior out of that. What? That's it. That That's what a cubit is. That a cubit is just a Josephson junction hooked up to a capacitor pulsing a resonance through it. Is that resonance chat? Is that it? That was it the whole time? So quantum computers are just Joseph's junctions being run out of resonance. How did I not know this this whole time? A cubit is just it. Did he show the image there? Oh, yeah, he showed the image. Where's the the image? No, here it is. I'm just gonna He pulls the image. I'm gonna I want to replay that cuz like this is the most important part of the whole stream where I'm watching this. I'm going, "Okay, so what is a cubit?" And he's like, "Well, you just make this Joseph and junction. You hook it up with a wire. It's all superconducting." And we now have a superconducting Joseph and junction with a jo with a superconducting wire hooked up to our capacitors. And that produces a macroscopic effect put together on this join junction which represents a an inductor flowing through here. And then from this wire to this wire we have a capacitor. And then we set that up to oscillate at about 5 gigahertz cell phone frequencies uh uh you know to to form the cubit. Okay, this oscillating thing and then there's at low temperatures superconductors you know all this magic we can we can get quantum mechanical behavior out of that >> and then you can measure that quantum mechanical behavior create a representation and use that to run your computing. >> That's right. What you can do is you put on microwave pulses to change the state of the quantum computer, change the way it oscillates, and then we connect it to um it's a complicated readout circuitry uh to, you know, in the end figure out what state it's in. >> Wow. If you're watching on video, they have uh as images here some images of what these transistors look like. The squid we can see uh in B and then we can see our Joseph and junction in C over here and then we can see what the cubit the cubit diagram is basically so the Joseph and junction the squid is two Joseph and junctions basically looking at this image here we see our Joseph and junction is on the right our third image C is the Joseph and junction two Joseph and junctions build the squid sqid superconducting quantum something or other device and then Our cubit is basically just our Josephson and junction just hooked up to a capacitor. That's it. You wanted to know what the connection is to lithography. You are looking at it on the screen right now. You are looking at the connection to lithography on the screen. What do you think you're staring at here? You're staring at microchip design. That's what you're staring at right here is whoever produces these little squids the best or can even improve upon them, they are going to control this technology. They're going to control all quantum technologies cuz spoiler alert, this is everything. This right here, this this squid design is everything. All of the things like when China was talking about their quantum radar, what do you think they're talking about? How do you think they're you? How do you think that what do you think that looks like? This is what it looks like. This is it. It's a squid. It's a squid. The key is you need to measure the output. What are we even measuring? Think about this. What are they actually measuring here? So, we have one one cubit is a superconducting device that's being resonated. So you're basically looking at the variance. You're looking at this resonant. Imagine that you made a swing. Let's just simplify it. You've got a swing. It's going back and forth. Right now in our squid, it's like the forward only moves a little bit and then it moves like further back. So it's not it's asymmetrical. It doesn't whatever goes through the barrier is not the same as what like hit the barrier, but doesn't matter. What we're measuring here is we're measuring differences in the swing. We're like, "Oh, the swing went a little bit further back this time or it went a little bit further forward this time." We can measure that. That's what they're measuring as their output. So, what is a quantum computer that has a whole bunch of cubits hooked up to it? That's a web. That's a That's a whole web of cubits. You can imagine all these cubits sitting out there and they can measure any little oscillation in any of them. You can imagine like a ghost. Let's say I'm Slimer from the Ghostbusters. Slimer from the Ghostbusters goes through all the cubits and the cubits can measure that resonance of the ghost passing through them. Why? Because the ghost is manipulating the zero point energy. So they could see the pattern that would be equivalent to the slime or the ghost traveling through the cubits of the quantum computer. That's what the quantum computer is doing. And this is why it gets creepy for me because now I'm sitting here going, man, I really do think that these quantum computers might be tapping in to an external intelligence, maybe even our own. Our brains are probably quantum computers that are tapping in to an external intelligence. And it wouldn't surprise me if if you make enough cubits in your quantum computer that it's going to be doing the same thing. It might be doing the same thing. You might start getting readings from your quantum computer where God is talking to you. I use I use this term very loosely, but some being might start talking to you through the quantum computer. And it could be a being that's on the other side of the galaxy or it could be a being from another dimension or a higher dimension. Who knows? Okay. So, that to me is wild. Uh because now we're connecting this to fabrication. >> Okay. And then and then you you connect just an array of these and you just use capacitive coupling from, you know, one one wire to the to the next one to to couple them together. And it's more complicated than that, but that gives you a good idea. And then just to understand your work that you won this Nobel Prize for that demonstrated this quantum mechanical phenomena at scale is that part of the design of a cubit and the circuitry. Did that inform that design work or explain it rather? Yeah. >> Yeah. It was the very basic simplest circuit. You know, we were using analog simulators at the time, not even the I took data with a computer, but this is this is far back enough that, you know, it was very rudimentary and then over the years we just got more sophisticated design by the whole field, you know, many many people. >> So, the reason why I played this part is because man, I have gained so much information from this interview. My favorite interviews are the ones where I get information from reading between the lines. And right here he's saying, "Look, we started this in 1985." He knew this was a thing in 1985, but it's 2025 now. And he's saying, "We didn't have the technology to even do the measurements. We didn't have the technology to even accurately do the measurements back in 1985. But now we've been catching up from a technological, from a material science standpoint. We've have the tools and this is something Tom Bearden spoke about. Tom Bearden when people asked him how have they been able to hide free energy from the world. He says, well, the problem is partly a material science one is that as our technology and understanding increases, our tools also increase and our tools get better and then our science understanding gets better and our tools get better and then our science understanding gets better. >> And I think it's just so fascinating the amount of engineering and technology you have to do to make this work. >> Where are we in quantum computing evolution today? So what's the state? At what point will we have call it generally accessible and generally useful quantum computers that can do all of the amazing things everyone's kind of talked about for decades that one would be able to do >> so that's right. So um right now we're we're about 50 or 100 cubits for the superconducting case but they they can be fully controlled and run real algorithms and do very complicated things. They have a lot of other systems that can do that. I think the the newcomer on the block which looks good is neutral atoms where they've made big neutral atom systems but they're still working to get the gates controlled really well and the like but what's happened right now is we can run genuine algorithms on that and people have uh you know have ideas they want to run but because these cubits are not perfect okay you it's an analog control system and fundamentally these quantum bits have a little bit of error to it little bit of noise to it You can only run so complicated of a project and it's good enough to write scientific papers and try things out. Uh every once in a while people say they've done something uh you know that's hard to compute and well that's fine but they aren't really big enough to be useful yet. They have to get bigger and they have to get better. Less noise. >> Do you have a point of view on the timelines? This is everyone's speculation. >> Yeah. They say they're like 10 years out. Everybody says they're always 10 years out. I just think that that part is interesting about how they've been scaling them up because it it lets you realize like, oh, the government must be having quantum computers that are next level. They've got to have some next level quantum computer stuff. There is something that's interesting about the noise and then they talk about the physical noise is that remember we have this network of these oscillators. Oscillating things make noise, right? You can hear a vibrating or buzzing sound depending on the frequency that's being played at. So, I imagine these computers are loud. Like really loud. I'm just guessing. But if things are buzzing around, imagine like a bunch of bees humming. Presumably they're doing in resonance with one another though. So maybe it's more like a symphony than it is just like bugs freaking out out. Okay, let's move up here to fabrication. we're doing with our our company is we're doing a new generation of fabrication of the devices and I would cons consider in my my my research we have the simple fabrication >> oh you're doing a new method of fabrication for your devices you say is that true oh interesting [music] yes okay new method of device of fabrication go on with the original papers in ' 85 and then around 2000 we had more sophisticated fabrication and then for the quantum supremacy experiment we did something even more complicated other groups too but we want to do a similar jump in the fabrication and what's interesting about this is we're going to be using applied materials and the modern fabrication processes that they have which on 300 mm tools you know you can't get in China for example you can get it for CMOS and then they're developing we're developing standard processes but you know new recipes and new ways to put it together and we think by doing that we can do a huge leaprog and then get there faster and get there in a way that you know will protect our lead. He's saying we are developing new advanced forms of lithography. The qu the context Chad, do you know what the context is? The context of what he's saying right now is how do we beat China? How do we beat China in quantum computers? So number one, advanced lithography. Number two, he says, we're going to develop processes and material science that China won't be able to copy. That's what he's saying right there. He's saying we're going to develop a process that they won't be able to copy very easily. So what I wanted to show here first of all is the waves, right? [music] This is what quantum computers are being used to do. They're being used to do this [music] because you can control wave functions at a level where you can make perfect shape. All you need to [music] just wanted to show that real quick. Memorize this. I saw this earlier today. Take a look at this. Nvidia in the middle. $4.5 trillion. That's what Nvidia is worth right now. 4.5 trillion. You can see Oracle here. Oracle spends tens of billions on Nvidia chips. And then you see also Open AAI is also spending money. So basically everybody in the United States is buying Nvidia chips. You can see this big all the circles here. You can even see AMD is getting involved in it now as well. So, everybody's buying Nvidia chips and then Open AI has all their AI on the on the cloud under Oracle. And you see here's XAI down here. You see Intel, then you see Microsoft, which is worth $4 trillion. Wow. So, what are we seeing here, guys? You're getting the best geopolitical takes on the planet right now. Nvidia basically is the leading com the central commer technological commerce zone in the entire United States. They feed everybody. They feed everybody. other things we're doing too. uh and you know that that's a small part of it but uh you know we think there's a way to um you know really lead the field and uh and we're happy we have good industrial partners of uh applied materials synopsis design tools hopard enterprise some startups who do the theory work >> okay the last thing is what are they using these things for your kind of >> think to be honest I'm just so focused on doing this especially when you start a company you better be focused So I'm doing that. But one of the fields that I find, this is someone Ben Mazen at UC Santa Barbara is looking for exoplanets and they're using superconducting detectors that are somewhat similar to what we're doing. In fact, in the 1990s or so, I helped, you know, helped establish that field with other people and did that for five, six, seven years uh to do that. He's doing it in a different way. And I really like how, you know, this instrumentation, you know, that we've been working on is their quantum devices are are now able to um uh do these astronomy uh detectors and and look for look for these. And of course, there's so much going on in astronomy these way days with gravitational detectors and exoplanet searches and wow. Wow. Holy smokes, chat. So there he is saying that these uh quantum devices can be used as telescopes which well if you followed me you already knew that if you followed me you already knew they could be used as telescopes because I've spoken about Robert ML Baker and he was literally mentioning using high frequency gravitational waves as telescopes and what did I say earlier all of the applications of quantum mechanics of quantum devices are all from the same exact basis of this Joseph and junction of this cubit. All of them are. This even makes me wonder about the ice cube nutrino detector. Do you guys remember the ice cube nutrino detector in uh in Alaska? Ice Cube nutrino detector is this like high voltage capacitors that are all linked in an array that are supposedly detecting nutrinos quote unquote. But I'm doing the air quotes. Makes me wonder if that's not some quantum mechanical uh squidbased device. How much do we even know about that thing? or anything else that's set up in an array.